Introduction
Male infertility is a complex condition influenced by biological, environmental, and lifestyle factors. It is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse due to male-related factors. Andrology provides a scientific framework to identify underlying causes and develop appropriate treatment strategies.
Etiology of Male Infertility
Common causes include hormonal disorders, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, testicular infections, obstruction of the reproductive tract, and systemic illnesses. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, chronic stress, and exposure to environmental toxins also play a significant role.
Diagnostic Approach
A thorough andrological evaluation includes detailed medical history, physical examination, semen analysis, erotic examination, hormonal testing, and imaging studies when necessary. Advanced diagnostic techniques, such as sperm DNA fragmentation testing, provide additional insight into reproductive potential.
Treatment Strategies
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include hormonal therapy, surgical intervention, lifestyle modification, antioxidant supplementation, or assisted reproductive technologies. Individualized treatment plans are essential for optimal outcomes.
Conclusion
Male infertility is often treatable with appropriate andrological care. Early diagnosis and targeted intervention significantly improve reproductive success and psychological well-being.